Sleeping pills increase risk of depression, suicide, infections, hypertension, CVD, heart failure

Sleeping pills are associated with an increased risk of

• depression


• suicide


• falls


• car crashes


• infections


• regurgitation


• hypertension


• heart failure


• arrhythmias


• cardiovascular diseases


• cancer, and


• death

as noted in a recent study by researchers at Scripps Clinic Viterbi Family Sleep Center in La Jolla, California, USA.

They noted that "Infections, in turn, are major causes of mortality and cancer."

They also noted that sleeping pills may:

• increase sleep apnoea


• prolong apnoeas


• cause night eating syndrome leading to obesity


• sleeping pills have been shown to be cancer-causing in rats.
 

How Sleeping Pills Might Increase the Risk of Death

Sleeping pills might increase risk of death by increasing infections, depression, suicide, falls, car crashes, etc

“Multiple causal pathways by which hypnotics might lead to mortality have been demonstrated,” the paper notes.

“Though the acute lethality of benzodiazepine agonists seems less than that of barbiturates, it has been demonstrated in animals given high doses of benzodiazepine agonists, especially in combination with alcohol.

“Moreover, benzodiazepines and agonists are often present in mixed-drug overdoses.

“Compilation of randomised controlled trials has shown that hypnotics increase inci-dent depression.

“Several non-randomised studies have reported an increase in suicide associated with hypnotics use, and depression may increase mortality through other mechanisms besides suicide.

“Controlled trials show that hypnotics impair motor and cognitive skills, such as driving.

“Hypnotics have been associated with increased automobile crashes and an increase in falls, due to hangover sedation.

“In some patients, hypnotics increase sleep apnoea, prolong apnoeas or suppress respiratory drive, though among other patients, there may be mild improvement.

“Sleep apnoeas, in turn, may lead to motor vehicle crashes, hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiovascular diseases and death.

“Hypnotics may cause somnambulistic night-eating syndromes resulting in poor diet and obesity as well as other automaton-like behaviours, which can be dangerous.

“Indeed, in controlled trials, participants randomised to hypnotics experience more adverse medical events overall than those randomised to placebo.”

“Sparse data from randomised controlled trials of hypnotics suggested increased rates of cancer, and those findings are supported by studies demonstrating carcinogenic effects of hypnotics in laboratory rodents and by evidence that hypnotics can cause chromosomal damage.

“Our finding that for lymphomas, lung, colon and prostate cancers, the HR for hypnotic usage was even greater than the HR for current smoking (supplemental table 11) argues for specific biologic mechanisms.

“It is possible that patients receiving hypnotics experienced more medical care than non-users, providing greater surveillance and potential cancer detection as contrasted to non-users, even though the Cox models matched users and non-users by numbers of comorbidities.

“However, it would be hard to imagine how greater surveillance of hypnotic users could explain two- to threefold higher HR for some cancers with no excess mortality for other cancers (see supplemental table 11), whereas specific biological effects of hypnotics would more plausibly explain the differences in HR between cancers.

“We were unable to control for depression, anxiety and other emotional factors because of Pennsylvania laws protecting the confidentiality of these diagnoses.

“However, several previous studies reporting hypnotic risks have controlled for these confounders.

“Mallon et al found that when depression, hypnotic use and other risk factors were entered into a multivariate model for all-cause mortality, hypnotic use was the strongest risk factor among men (stronger than cigarette smoking).

“In that analysis, depression was not an independent risk factor for death in either men or women.

“Moreover, one might expect an emotional confounder to cause insomnia, leading, in turn, to use of hypnotics, but several large studies have reported that insomnia is not a significant mortality risk factor, especially when hypnotic usage is controlled.

“Nevertheless, to the extent that social and psychological problems lead patients to receive hypnotics, and to the extent that these problems cause death through pathways independent of hypnotics, our findings might reflect some confounding by those conditions,” the authors wrote.

Subjects

Subjects: 10,000+ people taking sleeping pills vs 23,000+ not taking sleeping pills

The study followed 10,529 people given prescriptions for sleeping pills and compared them with 23,636 matched controls who had not been given a prescription for sleeping pills.

Follow-up Period

Average follow-up of 2.5 years

The subjects were followed for an average of 2.5 years.

REFERENCE

Kripke D, Langer R, Kline L. Hypnotics’ association with mortality or cancer: A matched cohort study. BMJ Open. 2012, 2(1):e000850.

AUTHOR’S CONTACT INFORMATION

Dr Daniel F Kripke
Scripps Clinic Viterbi Family Sleep Center
La Jolla, California, USA
.(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address)

Other Articles

Other articles about sleeping pills

• Sleeping pills estimated to cause 320,000 to 507,000 excess deaths per year in US alone
• People taking sleeping pills were 4.6 times more likely to die over 2.5 years
• People taking 1 to 18 sleeping pills per year were 3.6 times more likely to die over 2.5 years
• People taking 18 to 132 sleeping pills per year were 4.4 times more likely to die over 2.5 years
• People taking more than 132 sleeping pills per year were 5.3 times more likely to die over 2.5 years
• Controlling for poor health did NOT explain the excess deaths associated with sleeping pills
• People taking more than 18 to 132 sleeping pills per were 20% more likely to get cancer in 2.5 years
• People taking more than 132 sleeping pills per year were 35% more likely to get cancer in 2.5 years
• Sleeping pills increase risk of depression, suicide, infections, hypertension, CVD, heart failure
• Try L-tryptophan or pumpkin seeds or raw milk instead of sleeping pills































 

Articles on the same subject can be found here:

• Cancer
• Sleep