Obesity is also associated with:

• complications of pregnancy
• menstrual irregularities
• hirsutism (presence of excess body and facial hair)
• stress incontinence (urine leakage)
• psychological disorders, such as depression
• increased surgical risk
• increased mortality

according to the Weight-control Information Network website that is published by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Pregnant mothers who are overweight are 47 percent more likely to have a stillbirth than normal weight women, while obese women are more than twice as likely (107 percent more likely) according to a study from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Being overweight increases the risk of coronary heart disease by 32 percent, whereas obesity increases the risk by 81 percent according to a study by researchers at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in The Netherlands. This was after adjusting for age, sex, physical activity and smoking.

A 5-unit increase in body mass index (BMI)—for example increasing BMI from 25 to 30—increases the risk of coronary heart disease by 29 percent according to a study by researchers at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in The Netherlands. This was after adjusting for age, sex, physical activity and smoking.

Obese men are 80 percent more likely to get colorectal cancer than normal weight men according to a study of men and women in Ontario and Newfoundland, Canada.

Women with type 2 diabetes are at a 20 percent greater risk of breast cancer than women without type 2 diabetes according to an analysis by researchers from Sweden.

The risk of multiple myeloma is 12-27 percent greater for those who are overweight and 27-82 percent greater for those who are obese compared with those who are normal weight according to an analysis by researchers from Sweden.

The risk of liver cancer is 17 percent greater for those who are overweight and 89 percent greater for those who are obese compared with those who are normal weight according to an analysis by researchers from Sweden.

“An increase in consumption of 2 cups of coffee per day was associated with a 43% reduced risk of liver cancer,” concluded an analysis by researchers from Sweden.

An increase of 5 units in body mass index (BMI), which is roughly 30 pounds for a woman of average height and 35 pounds for a man of average height, increases the risk of colon cancer 30 percent in men and 12 percent in women according to an analysis by researchers from Sweden.

An increase of 5 units in body mass index (BMI), which is roughly 30 pounds for a woman of average height and 35 pounds for a man of average height, increases the risk of rectal cancer 12 percent in men and 3 percent in women according to an analysis by researchers from Sweden.

Men who get an hour of leisure-time physical activity per day are 44 percent less likely to get colon cancer and 41 percent less likely to get rectal cancer than men who get less than 10 minutes of leisure-time exercise per day according to study by researchers from Sweden.

Obese men are 2.6 times as likely as lean men to have a long absence from work due to sickness according to a study from researchers at the University College London Medical School in London, England.

Obesity shortens the lifespan of men by an average of 5 years and of women by 10 years according to a study from the National Institute of Public Health in Denmark.

Obesity can cause asthma according to a new paper from Chile.

Obesity increase the risk of hip replacement in women 2.5-fold, and knee replacement 10.5-fold according to a new study from the University of Oxford.

Being obese, Black or depressed all independently increase the likelihood of having a chronic disease according to a paper from University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. Being all three created a “triple threat” for developing certain chronic diseases according to the paper. Obese, depressed Blacks are 12 times as likely to have hypertension, and 15 times as likely to have diabetes.

Extreme obesity increases the risk of dying in women by 70 percent according to a study from the University of Pittsburgh.

Excess belly fat increases the risk of colon cancer in women according to a study of 24,072 women in Australia.

“[O]besity is weakly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer,” concludes a new meta-analysis of previous studies.

Numerous studies have found that being overweight increases the risk of death. A new study from the U.S. National Cancer Institute found that in younger women, the risk of death increases when body mass index (BMI) exceeds 21, and in older women, when BMI exceeds 25. In younger men, the risk increases when BMI exceeds 23, whereas in older men, the risk does not increase until BMI exceeds 30.

“[H]eadaches are more common and incapacitating in obese patients than [normal weight people],” according to a new study from Brazil. “[M]igraine is the most important diagnosis in this population.”

Obese women are 2.1 times more likely to have periodontal (gum) disease than normal weight women according to a new study from researchers at Temple University School of Dentistry in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and from Brazil.

Being overweight increases the risk of chronic kidney disease by 45 percent in men according to a new study from researchers as Harvard Medical School and Tufts University School of Medicine.

Compared to people of normal weight, being obese increases the risk of death from cancer by 7 percent, increases the death from all causes by 22 percent, increases the risk of death from coronary heart disease by 57 percent, and increases the risk of death from cardiovascular disease by 48 percent according to a analysis of data from twenty-six studies.